Molybdates

28.41 - Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids. - Sodium dichromate 2841.50 - Other chromates and dichromates; peroxochromates - Manganites, rnanganates and perrnanganates : 2841.61 - - Potassium permanganate 2841.69 - - Other 284 1.70 - Molybdates 284 1.80 - Tungstates (wolframates) 2841.90 - Other 284 1.30 This headin covers the salts of oxometallic and peroxometallic acids (corresponding to metal oxides whic constitute anhydrides). t The main groups of compounds covered by this heading are : (1) Aluminates. Derivatives of aluminium hydroxide. (a) Sodium aluminate. Obtained by treating bauxite with sodium hydroxide solution. Occurs as a white powder soluble in water, in aqueous solutions or in paste form. Used as a mordant in dyeing (alkaline mordant); in the preparation of lakes; for sizing paper; as a filler for soap; for hardening plaster; for manufacturing opaque glass; for putlfying industrial water, etc. (b) Potassium aluminate. Pr ared by dissolving bauxite in potassium hydroxide. White, micro-crystalline masses, ygroscopic and soluble in water. Same uses as sodium aluminate. "R r (c) Calcium aluminate. Obtained b the fusion of bauxite and calcium oxide in an electric furnace; white powder, insolub e in water. Used in dyeing mordant); for purif 'ng industrial water (ion exchanger); in paper-makin (sizin ); in e manufacture of g ass, soap, special cements, polishing preparations an other a uminates. % f S, l'= (d) Chromium aluminate. Obtained by heating a mixture of aluminium oxide, calcium fluoride and ammonium dichromate. Ceramic colour. (e) Cobalt aluminate. Prepared from sodium aluminate and a cobalt salt. It constitutes, either pure or mixed w ~ t haluminium oxide, cobalt blue (Thenard's blue). Used in the reparation of cerulean blue (with zinc aluminate), azure blue, smalt blue, Saxony blue, !6vres blue, etc. (f) Zinc aluminate. White powder used for similar purposes to sodium aluminate. (g) Barium aluminate. Prepared from bauxite, barytes and coal; white or brown masses. Used for purifymg industrial water and as an anh-scale compound. (h) Lead aluminate. Obtained by heating a mixture of lead oxide and aluminium oxide. Solid, not easily melted, used as a white pigment and for manufacturing refractory bricks and linings. The heading excludes natural beryllium aluminate (chrysoberyl) meading 25.30, 71.03 or 71.05 as the case may be). (2) Chromates. Neutral or acid chromates (dichromates), tri-, tetra- and perchornates derive from the various chromic acids, in particular the normal acid (H2Ca4) or h m the dichromic acid (HzCr2O7)not isolated in the pure state. The principal of these mostly toxic salts are : (a) Zinc chromate. The treatment of zinc salts with potassium dichromate gives hydrated or basic zinc chromate. Powder, insoluble in water. Pigment which, alone or in mixture, constitutes zinc yellow. Mixed with Prussian blue, it forms zinc green. (b) Lead chromate. Neutral artificial lead chromate results fiom the action of lead acetate on sodium dichromate. Yellow or sometimes orange-coloured or red powder according to the method of precipitation. Alone or mixed, this pi ent constitutes chrome yellow, used in enamelling, in ceramics, in the manufacture o paints or varnishes, etc. !P Basic chromate, alone or mixed, constitutes chrome red or Persian red. (c) Sodium chromates. Sodium chromate (Na2Cr04.10H20) is obtained during the manufacture of chromium by roasting natural iron chromium oxide (chromite) mixed with coal and sodium carbonate. Large yellow c stals, deliquescent and very soluble in water. Used in dyeing (mordant); m taming; or preparing inks, pigments or other chromates or dichromates. Used in mixture with antimony sulphde for preparing photographic flashlight powders. Sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7.2Hz0), repared from sodium chromate, forms deliquescent red c stals, soluble in water. ?ram formed by heat into the anhydrous and less deliquescent %Aromate (i.e., melted or cast chromate) often containing a small quantity of sodium sul hate. Used in tanning (chrome-tanning); in dyeing (mordant and oxidiser); as an oxifising agent in organic synthesis; in photography; in printing; in pyrotechnics; for purifyin or decolourising fats; for pre aring dichromate batteries and dichromate gelatins $which, under the influence o light, are converted into products insoluble in hot water); in flotation processes (to reduce buoyancy); in petroleum refineries; as an antiseptic. F (F (d) Potassium chromates. Potassium chromate 2Cr04)(yellow potassium chromate) is prepared from chromite. Yellow crystals, solu le in water and poisonous. Potassium dichromate (KzCr2O7)(red otassium chromate) is also obtained from chromite. Orange-coloured crystals, solu le in water and very toxic. Dichromate dust and vapours attack the nasal bone and cartilages; its solutions Infect scratches. f~ Potassium chromate and dichromate are used for similar purposes to sodium chromate and dichromate. (e) Ammonium chromates. Ammonium chromate ((N&)2Cr04), pre wed by saturating a solution of chromium trioxide with ammonia. Yellow crystals, so uble in water. Used in photography and in dyeing. 5' P) 2Cr207), obtained from natural iron chromium oxide Ammonium dichromate ( (chromite ;red crystals, so uble in water. Used in photography; in dyeing (mordant); in tanning; or purifring fats or oils; in organic synthesis, etc. Z ( f ) Calcium chromate (CaCr04.2HzO). Prepared from sodium dichromate and chalk; becomes anhydrous and turns yellow when heated. Used in the preparation of yellow colours such as " yellow ultramarine ", a name also applied to calcium chromate alone. (g) Man anese chromate. Neutral chromate (MnCr04),prepared fiom manganous oxide and c%rornic anhydride. Brownish crystals, soluble m water. Used as a mordant in dyeing. Basic chromate, brown powder, insoluble in water, is used in water paints. i (h) Iron chromates. Ferric chromate (Fez CTO~)~), (prepared fiom solutions of ferric chloride and potassium chromate, is a ye1 ow powder, insoluble in water. There is also a basic iron chromate which, alone or as a mixture, is used in painting under the name of siderine yellow. Associated with Prussian blue it gives greens imitating zinc green. Also used in metallurgy. (ij) Strontium chromate (SrCr04). Analogous to calcium chromate; alone or in mixture constitutes strontium yellow. Employed in the preparation of artists' paints. ‘r (k) Barium chromate (BaCr04). Obtained b precipitating solutions of barium chloride and sodium chromate; bright yellow pow er, insoluble m water and poisonous. Alone or mixed, it constitutes barium yellow which, like the similar product obtained fiorn calcium chromate, is sometimes known as "yellow ultramarine ". Used for artists' paints and in the enamel and glass industries; also in the manufacture of matches and as a mordant in dyeing. This heading excludes : (a) Natural lead chromate (crocoisite) (heading 25.30). (b) Pigments prepared with chromates (heading 32.06). (3) Manganates, permanganates. These salts correspond to manganic acid (H2Mn04) (not isolated), permanganic acid (HMn04)existing only in aqueous solution). (a) Manganates. Sodium man anate (Na2Mn04),prepared b hsion of a mixture of natural manganese dioxide beading 26.02 - p olusite) an sodium hydroxide; green crystals, soluble in cold water, decomposed by ot water; used in gold metallurgy. r 2' Potassium manganate (K2Mn04),in small greenish-black crystals. Used for preparing the permanganate. Barium manganate (BaMn04), obtained by heating manganese dioxide mixed with barium nitrate. Emerald green ~owder.Mixed with barium sulphate, it constitutes manganese blue. Used for artists paints. @) Permanganates. Sodium prepared fiom the in water. Used as a Potassium permanganate (KMn04), prepared fi-om the man anate, or by oxidisin a mixture of manganese dioxide and otassium hydroxide. Purp e crystals with a meta lic sheen, soluble in water, colouring e skin; also in purplish-red aqueous solutions or in tablets. Powerfid oxidising agent, used in chemis as a reagent, in or anic synthesis (manufacture of sacchmn); in metallurgy (nic el refining); for b eaching fatty substances, resins, silk yarn or fabrics or straw; for urifjmg water; as an antiseptic; as a dye (for wool, wood and in hair-dyes); in gas mas s; in medicine. tg S P f Calcium permanganate C~(MIIO~)~.SH~O), pr ared by electrolysin solutions of alkali manganates and ca cium chloride; forms %k purple crystals, so uble in water. Oxidising a ent and disinfectant, used in dyeing, in organic synthesis, for purifying water, for b eaching paper pulp. B \ (4) Molybdates. Molybdates, pararnolybdates and polymolybdates (di-, tri-, tetra-) are derived from normal molybdic acid (H2Mo04)or from the other molybdic acids. Similar in some respects to chromates. The principal of these salts are : (a) Ammonium molybdate. Obtained in the metallurgy of molybdenum. Hydrated crystals, slightly tinted with green or yellow and decomposed by heat. Used as a chemical reagent, in the preparation of pigments or fireproofing materials, in the glass industry, etc. (b) Sodium molybdate. Hydrated crystals, shiny and soluble in water. Used as a reagent, in the manufacture of pigments and in medicme. (c) Calcium molybdate. White powder, insoluble in water; used in metallurgy. (d) Lead molybdate. Artificial lead molybdate co-precipitated with lead chromate gives the scarlet chrome pigments. Natural lead molybdate (wulfenite) is excluded (heading 26.13). (5) Tungstates (wolframates). Tun states, aratungstates and perlungstates are derived fiom the normal tungstic acid ( ~ ~and~o&0 tungstic ~ 7 acids. The principal of these salts are : (a) Ammonium tungstate. Obtained by dissolving tungstic acid in ammonia; white crystalline powder, hydrated, soluble in water; used for fire-proofing fabrics and in the preparation of other tungstates. (b) Sodium tungstate. Obtained in tungsten metallurgy, from wolfiamite (heading 26.11) and sodium carbonate; white leaflets or crystals, hydrated, with a pearly sheen, soluble in water. Same uses as ammonium tungstate; also used as a mordant in textile printing, for preparing lakes and catalysts and in organic synthesis. (c) Calcium tungstate. White, glossy scales, insoluble in water; used for preparing X-ray screens or fluorescent tubes. (d) Barium tungstate. White powder, used in artists' paints, alone or mixed, under the name of tungsten white or tungstate white. (e) Other tungstates. These include -states of potassium (for fire-proofin fabrics), magnesium (for X-ray screens), chromum (green pigment), or lead @igmentf The heading excludes : (a) Native calcium tungstate (scheelite), an ore (heading 26.11). @) Natural tungstates of manganese (hubnerite) or of iron (ferberite) (beading 26.11). (c) Luminescent tungstates (e.g., of calcium or magnesium), classified as inorganic lurninophores (heading 32.06). (6) Titanates (ortho-, meta- and peroxotitanates, neutral or acid) are derived from the various titanic acids and hydroxides, based on titanium dioxide (TiOz). Barium and lead titanates are white powders used as pigments. The heading excludes natural iron titanate (ilmenite) (heading 26.14), and inorganic fluorotitanates (heading 28.26). r (7) Vanadates (ortho-, meta-, p o-, hypovanadates, neutral or acid) are obtained from the various vanadic acids derive from vanadium pentaoxide (V205)or from other vanadium oxides. (a) Ammonium vanadate (metavanadate) (NI&V03). Yellowish-white crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in cold water, very soluble in hot water and giving a ellow solution. Used as a catalyst; as a mordant in textile dyeing or printing; as a &er in paints or varnishes; as a colouriag matter in pottery, and in the preparation of writing or printing inks, etc. (b) Sodium vanadates (ortho- and meta-). Hydrated white powders, crystalline and soluble in water. Used in aniline-black dyeing and printing. (8) Ferrates and ferrites. Ferrates and ferrites are derived from ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) and from ferrous hydroxide (Fe OH)2), respectively. Potassium ferrate is a black powder, dissolving in water to give a red iquid. I The name " ferrates " is erroneously given to simple mixtures of iron oxides and other metal oxides constituting ceramic colours and classified in heading 32.07. The heading also excludes ferrous ferrite which is in fact magnetic iron oxide (Fe304) (heading 26.01), and hammer scale (heading 26.19). (9) Zincates. Compounds derived from amphoteric zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)z). (a) Sodium zincate. Results from the action of sodium carbonate on zinc oxide, or of sodium hydroxide on zinc. Used in the preparation of zinc sulphide employed in paints. (b) Iron zincate. Used as a ceramic colour. (c) Cobalt zincate, pure or mixed with cobalt oxide or other salts, constitutes cobalt green or Rinmann's green. (d) Barium dncate. Prepared by recipitating an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide with an ammoniacal solution o zinc sulphate; white powder, soluble in water. Used in the manufacture of zinc sulphide employed in paints. F (10) Stannates (ortho- and meta-) are derived from stannic acids. (a) Sodium stannate (Na2Sn03.3H20).Obtained by fusion of a mixture of tin, sodium hydroxide, chloride and nibate; hard masses or irregular lumps, soluble in water, white or coloured according to the proportion of impurihes (sodium or iron salts). Used in textile d eing or prinhng (mordant); in the lass or ceramic industries; in the separation of lead $om arsenic; in tin sizes for silk an in organic synthesis. % (b) Aluminium stannate. Prepared by heating a mixture of tin sulphate and aluminium sulphate; white powder. Used as an opacifier in the enamel or ceramic industries. (c) Chromium stannate. Main component of pink colours for ceramics or artists' paints. Also used in tin sizes for silk. (d) Cobalt stannate. Alone or mixed, constitutes a sky-blue pigment, used in paints. (e) Copper stannate, alone or mixed, it is known as " tin green ". (11) Antimonates. Salts of the various acids corresponding to antimonic oxide (Sb20s); somewhat similar to arsenates. (a) Sodium meta-antimonate (leuconine). Prepared from sodium hydroxide and antimony pentaoxide; a white crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in water. Opacifier for the enamel or glass industries; used m the preparahon of sodium thioantimonate (Schlippe's salt) (heading 28.42). (b) Potassium antimonates. The most important is potassium hydrogen antimonate, prepared by calcining the metal mixed with potassium nitrate; a white, crystalline powder. Used in med~cine(as a purgative) and as a ceramic pigment. (c) Lead antimonate. Obtaiped by the fusion of antimony entaoxide with red lead, yellow powder, insoluble m water. Alone or mixed with lea80xychloride, it constitutes Naples yellow (antimony yellow), a pigment for ceramics, glass or artists' paints. Antimonides are excluded (heading 28.53). (12) Plumbates. Derived from amphoteric lead dioxide (Pb02). Sodium lurnbate is used as a colouring matter. Plumbates of calcium (yellow), strontium (chestnu6 or barium (black) are used in the manufacture of matches and in pyrotechnics. (13) Other salts of oxometallic acids or peroxometaUic acids. These include : (a) Tantalates and niobates. (b) Germanates. (c) Rhenates and perrhenates. (d) Zirconates. (e) Bismuthates. The heading excludes, however, compounds of : (a) Precious metals (heading 28.43). @) Radioactive chemical elements or radioactive isotopes (heading 28.44). (c) Yttrium, scandium or rare-earth metals (heading 28.46). (d) Mercury (heading 28.52). Cornpiex fluorine salts, such as fluorotitanates fall in heading 28.26.