WCO Explanatory Notes reproduced for reference. © World Customs Organization. Verify against official WCO publication.
80.07 - Other articles of tin. This heading covers all articles of tin, other than those covered by the receding headings of this Chapter or by Note 1 to Section XV,or articles s ecified or includecfin Chapter 82 or 83, or more specifically covered elsewhere in the Nomenc atwre. rl It applies, in particular, to : (I) Vats, reservoirs, drums and other containers (not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment). (2) Collapsible tubes for packing dentifiices, colours or other products. (3) Household articles and tableware (usually of pewter) such as jugs, trays, plates, mugs, syphon heads and beer mug lids. (4) Capacity measures. (5) Electroplating anodes (see Part (A) of the Explanatory Note to heading 75.08). (6) Tin powders (see Note 8 (b) to Section XV) and flakes. (7) Tin plates, sheets and stri ; tin foil (whether or not printed or backed with aper, aperboard, plastics or sirm ar backing materials). These articles are defined in C apter Rote I (dl. (8) Tubes and pipes defined in Chapter Note 1 (e) and tube or pi e fittings (for example cou lings, elbows, sleeves), of tin (other than hollow profiles fheading 80.03), fittin s witl?taps, cocks, valves, etc. (heading 84.81) and tubes and ipes made up into speci e identifiable articles, such as machinery parts (Section XVI)). J i iese articles correspond to the iron or steel goods referred to in the Explanatory Notes to headings 73.04 to 73.07. k Chapter 8 1 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof Subheading Note. 1.- Note 1 to Chapter 74, defining "bars and rods ","profiles "," wire " and "plates, sheets, strip and foil " applies, mutatis mutandis, to this Chapter. GENERAL This Chapter is limited to the following base metals, their alloys, and articles thereof which are not more specifically covered elsewhere in the Nomenclature : (A) Tungsten (wolfram) (heading 8 1. O l molybdenum heading 8 1.02), tantalum (headin 81.03), magnesium (heading 8 '.04), cobalt, inclu 'n cobalt mattes and other interme iate products of cobalt metallurgy (heading 8 1.05), (bismuth heading 81-06), cadmium (heading 81-07),titanium (heading 81.08), zirconium (heading 1.09), antimony (heading 8 1.10) and manganese (heading 8 1.11). d, % A (B) Be Ilium, chromium, errnanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium (co%mbium), rhenium an thallium (heading 8 1.12). % This Chapter also covers cermets (heading 81.13). Base metals not included in this Chapter or in the preceding Chapters of Section XV are classified in Chapter 28. Most of the metals classified in this Chapter are mainly used in the form of alloys or carbides, rather than in the pure state. The classification of such alloys follows the rules set out in Note 5 to Section XV; metal carbides are excluded from this Chapter. The ~Iassificationof composite goods, particularly made up articles, is explained in the General Explanatory Note to Sechon XV. Note 8 to Section XV defines " waste and scrap " and " powders ". 81.01 - Tungsten (wolfram) and articles thereof, including waste and scrap. 8101.10 - Powders - Other : 8101.94 - - Unwrought tungsten, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering 8101.96 - - Wire 8101.97 - - Waste and scrap 8101.99 - - Other Tungsten (wolfram) is mainly obtained from the ores wolframite (iron-man anese tungstate) and scheelite (calcium tungstate). The ores are converted into the oxide, wh~c is then reduced b hydro en in an electric furnace or by aluminium or carbon in a high temperature crucible. T e pow ered metal so obtained is compressed into blocks or bars which are sintered in an atmosphere of hydrogen in an electric furnace. The compact sintered bars are then hammered mechanically, and finally rolled or drawn into sheets, bars of smaller section or wire. E t Tungsten is a dense, steel-grey metal, with a high melting point. It is brittle, hard and has a high resistance to corrosion. Tungsten is used in filaments for electric light bulbs and radio valves; elements for electric furnaces; anti-cathodes for X-ray tubes; electric contacts; nonmagnetic springs for electrical measuring ap aratus or watches; hairlines for telescope lenses; it is also used as welding electrodes for ydrogen arc welding, etc. \ The most important use of tungsten (usually as fernotungsten, see Chapter 72) is, however, in the preparation of special steels. It is also used in the preparation of tungsten carbide. The princi a1 tungsten alloys which may fall in the Chapter in accordance with Note 5 to Section X are prepared by sintering. They include : ? (1) Tungsten-copper alloys (e.g., for electric contacts). (2) Tungsten-nickel-copper alloys used in the mufacture of X-ray screens, certain aircraft parts, etc. Tungsten (wolfram) falls in this heading whether in the form of : (A) Powders; (B) Unwrought metal, e.g., in blocks, in ots, sintered bars and rods, or as waste and scrap (for the latter see the Explanatory Note to eading 72.04); (C) Wrought metal, e.g., rolled or drawn bars; profiles, plates and sheets, strip or wire; (D) Manufactures not covered by Note 1 to Section XV or included in Chapter 82 or 83 or more specificall covered elsewhere in the Nomenclature. Most tungsten articles, except springs, are in act classified in Section XVI or XVII; for example, a complete electnc contact faIls in Chapter 85, whereas a tungsten plate used to make such a contact would fall in this heading. The heading excludes tungsten carbide, e ., as used in the manufacture of the working tips and edges of cutting tools or dies. This carbide is clarri&i as follows : (a) Unmixed powder in heading 28.49. (b) Pr ared but non-sintered mixtures e.g., mixed with carbides of molybdenum or tantalum, wi out a binding agent) in heading 8.24. S: with or (c) Plates, sticks, tips and the like for tooIs, sintered but unmounted, in heading 82.09 (see corresponding ExplanatoryNote). - 81.02 Molybdenum and articles thereof, including waste and scrap. 8102.10 - Powders - Other : 8102.94 - - Unwrought molybdenum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering 8102.95 - - Bars and rods, other than those obtained simply by sintering, profiles, plates, sheets, strip and foil - - Wire 8102.97 - - Waste and scrap 8102.96 8 102.99 - - Other Mol bdenum is mainly obtained from the ores mol bdenite (molybdenum sulphide and wul enite (lead molybdate) which are concentrated by otation, converted into the 0x1 e and then reduced to the metal. d Z The metal is obtained either in a compact form suitable for rollin ,drawin ,etc., or as a powder which can be sintered like tungsten (see the Explanatory Note to eading 8 .01). E f Molybdenum in the compact form resembles lead in appearance, but it is extremely hard and melts at a high temperature. It is malleable and, at normal temperatures, resists corros~on. Molybdenum is used (either as the metal or as ferro-molybdenum, of Chapter 72) for the manufacture of alloy steels. Molybdenum metal is also used in filament supports for electrlc light bulbs; grids of electronic valves; elements for electric furnaces; current rectifiers and electric contacts. It is also used in dentistry, and as a substitute for platinum in jewellery because it does not tarnish. The molybdenum alloys in general use do not contain a redominance of molybdenum and are therefore excluded from this heading in accordance with Note 5 to ection XV. i Since the metallurgy of mol bdenum resembles that of tungsten, the second part of the Explanatory Note to heading t? 1.01 (concerning the forms in which the metal is marketed, and the classification of the carblde) apphes, mutatis mutandis, to this heading. - 81.03 Tantalum and articles thereof, including waste and scrap. 8103.20 - Unwrought tantalum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering; 8103.30 - Waste and scrap 8103.90 - Other powders Tantalum is mainly extracted fiom the ores tantalite and niobite (columbite) (heading 26.15), by reduction of the oxide or by electrolysis of fused tantalum-potassium fluoride. It may be obtained as a compact metal, or as a powder for sintering like tungsten or molybdenum. Tantalum owder is black. In other forms it is white when polished and steel blue when unpolishe8 It is very malleable and ductile when pure. It is unusually resistant to corrosion, including the action of most acids. Tantalum is used in the manufacture of the carbide, and (as ferro-tantalum, see Chapter 72) in preparing alloy steels. It is also used to make grids and anodes for electronic valves, current rectifiers, crucibles, heat-exchangers and other chemical ap aratus, spinnerets for extruding man-made fibres, dental instruments and surgical tools. It is af'so used for bone-fixation, etc., in surgerj, and in the manufacture of getters (to remove the last traces of gas in radio valve manu acture). Tantalum alloys which may be classified here in accordance with Note 5 to Section XV include tantalum-tungsten alloys with a high tantalum content used, for example, in electronic valve manufacture. The headii covers tantalum in all its forms, viz. : powder, blocks, waste and scrap; bars, wire, filaments; s eets, strip, foil; profiles; tubes and other manufactures (e.g., springs and wire cloth) not more specifically covered elsewhere. f The classification of tantalum carbide follows that of tungsten carbide (see the Explanatory Note to heading 81.01). 81.04 - Magnesium and articles thereof, including waste and scrap (+). - Unwrought magnesium : 8 104.11 - - Containing at least 99.8 % by weight of magnesium 8104.19 - - Other 8104.20 - Waste and scrap 8 104.30 - Raspings, turnings and granules, graded according to size; powders 8104.90 - Other Magnesium is extracted from a number of raw materials almost all of which fall, not in Chapter 26 (Ores), but in Chapter 25 or 3 1, e.g., dolomite (heading 25.18 , magnesite (or giobertite) (headin 25.19) and carnallite (heading 3 1.04). It is also extracted om sea water or natural brines (hea ing 25.01) and from lyes containing magnesium chloride. B I In the first stage of the industrial pre aration of the metal, magnesium chloride or magnesium oxide (magnesia) is produced by metiods varying accordng to the source of magnesium used. The extraction of the metal is then usually based on one of the two follow~ngtypes of reaction : (A) Electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride mixed with fluxes such as alkali metal chlorides or fluorides. The separated magnesium collects on the surface of the bath around the cathodes and chlorine is withdrawn at the anodes. (B) Thermal reduction of magnesia with carbon, ferro-silicon, silicon carbide, calcium carbide, aluminium, etc. The high temperature of the reaction vaporises the metal which, after rapid cooling, condenses in a very pure state. The metal obtained by electrol sis normally requires futther refinement. Magnesium obtained by thermal reduction is norma ly so pure that ~t can be melted and ingotted without further refining. Y * * * Magnesium is a silvery-white metal like aluminium, but it is even lighter than the latter. It can take on a high polish, but this disappears fairly uickly on exposure to air because of the formation of an oxide film which protects the meta agamst corrosion. Magnesium wire, strip, foil and powder burn fiercely with a dazzling light and must be handled with care. There is a risk of explosion in fine magnesium powder when mixed with air. Unallo ed magnesium is used in the preparation of man chemical corn ounds, as a de-oxiisin and de-sulpburismg agent in metallurgy (e.g., in &e manufacture o iron, copper, nickel and eir alloys), m pyrotechnics, etc. F f The urn metal has or mechanical properties, but with other elements it f o m strong alloys whic can be rolle , forged, extruded and cast, and which therefore find many industrial applications in the light metal industries. R 8" The principal magnesium alloys which may be classified in this Chapter under the provisions of Note 5 to Section XV (see the General Explanatory Note to that Sect~on)include : (1) Magnesium-aluminiumor ma esium-aluminium-zinc alloys often containing manganese. These are magnesium based a oys of the " Elektron " or " Dow " metal type. iY (2) Magnesium-zirconium alloys, often containing added zinc. (3) Magnesium-manganese or magnesium-cerium alloys. The li htness, strength and corrosion resistance of these alloys make them suitable for use in the aka!! industry (e.g., for engine casings, wheels, carburettors, magneto bases, petrol or oil tanks); in the automobile indus ; in building construction; in the manufacture of machinery parts and accessories, especial y of textile machines (s indles, bobbins, winders, etc.), machine-tools, typewriters, sewing machines, chain saws, awn mowers, ladders or material handling equipment, or as Lithographic plates, etc. "Y f The classification of magnesium products is not affected by treatments such as those described in the General Explanatory Note to Chapter 72, designed to improve the properties, appearance, etc., of the metal. This heading covers : (1) Unwrought ma esium in ingots, notch bars, slabs, sticks, cakes, cubes and billets and similar forms. T ese goods are generally for rolling, drawing, extruding or forging, or for casting into shaped articles. ?I (2) Magnesium waste and scrap. The Explanatory Note to heading 72.04 applies, mutatis rnutandis, to this heading. This group covers xaspings, turnings and anules which have not been graded or sorted according to size. Raspin s, turnings an granules which have been graded or sorted according to size are descrif led in group (3) below. f (3) Bars, rods, lates, sheets and strip, foil, wire, tubes and pipes, hollow a l eand s 9 akes, raspings, turnings and granules of uniform sue. profdes, powy ers This group comprises the following commercial forms of magnesium : (a) Products (i.e., wrought bars, rods, profiles, wire, plates, sheets, ski and foil) obtained by rollin drawing, extrudiig, forging, etc., the products of grou above; tubes and apes an? hollow mfiles (see the corresponding Explanatory otes to headings for similar products o other base metals). ? fi8) These goods are used when a metal which is both light and strong is required (see above). (b) Raspings, turnings and granules of uniform size and all types of powders and flakes. These products are used in pyrotechnics (fire-works, signals, etc.), as reducing agents in chemical or metallur ical processes, etc. Raspings, turnings and granules are specially made and gradeif to make them suitable for these purposes. (4) Other articles. This group comprises all articles of magnesium not included in the preceding g o u s or covered b Note 1 to Section XV or included in Chapter 82 or 83, or more speci cally covered e sewhere in the Nomenclature. r R As magnesium is mainly used in the manufacture of aircraft, vehicle and machinery parts (see above), most magnesium articles are classified elsewhere (especially in Sections XVI and XVII). Articles classified here include : (a) Structures and parts of structures. (b) Reservoirs, vats and similar containers, not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment, and casks, drums and cans. (c) Wire cloth. (d) Bolts, nuts, screws, etc. This heading excludes slag, ash and residues fi-om the manufacture of magnesium (heading 26.20).
Tin and articles thereof Note. 1.- In this Chapter the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them : (a) Bars and rods Rolled, extruded, drawn or forged products, not in coils, which have a uniform solid cross-section along their whole length in the shape of circles, ovals, rectan~les(including s uares), equilateral trian les or regular convex polygons (includin " flattened circles " and " mo ified rectan les " of wkch two opposite sides are convex arcs, tfe other two sides being straight, of equal f e n d and parallel). Products with a rectangular (including s uare), triangular or poly onal cross-sechon may have corners rounded along thelr whole length. ~ $ ethickness of such pro ucts which have a rectangular (including " modified rectangular ") cross-section exceeds one-tenth of the width. The expression also covers cast or sintered products, of the same forms and dimensions, which have been subsequently worked after production (otherwise than by simple trimming or de-scaling), rovided that they have not thereby assumed the character of articles or products of other Readings. a a (b) Profiles Rolled, extruded, drawn, forged or formed products, coiled or not, of a uniform cross-section along their whole length, which do not conform to any of the definitions of bars, rods, wire, plates, sheets, strip, foil, tubes or ipes. The expression also covers cast or sintered products, of the same forms, which have been su sequently worked after production (otherwise than by simple trimming or de-scaling), provided that they have not thereby assumed the character of articles or products of other headings. (c) Wire corners rounded along rectangular (including '' (d) Plates, sheets, strip and foil Flat-surfaced products (other than the unwrought products of heading 80.01), coiled or not, of solid rectangular (other than s uare) cross-section with or without rounded corners (kcluding "modified rectan les " o which two opposite sides are convex arcs, the other two sides being straight, of equal ength and parallel) of a uniform thickness, which are : f - of rectangular (including square) shape with a thickness not exceeding one-tenth of the width, of a shape other than rectangular or square, of any size, provided that they do not assume the character of articles or products of other headings. (e) Tubes and pipes Hollow products, coiled or not, which have a uniform cross-section with only one enclosed void along their whole length in the shape of circles, ovals, rectangles (including squares), equilateral triangles or reguIar convex polygons, and which have a uniform wall thickness. Products with a rectangular (including square), equilateral triangular or regular convex polygonal cross-section, which may have corners rounded along their whole length, are also to be considered as tubes and pipes provided the inner and outer cross-sections are concentric and have the same form and onentation. Tubes and ipes of the fore oing cross-sections may be olished, coated, bent, threaded, drilled, waiste ,expanded, cone-s aped or fitted with flanges, co lars or rings. B P % Subheading Note. 1.- In this Chapter the following expressionshave the meanings hereby assigned to them : (a) Tin, not alloyed Metal containing by wei ht at least 99 % of tin, provided that the content by weight of any bismuth or copper is less 8 a n the lirnmt spec~fiedin the following table : TABLE - Other elements Element Limiting content % by weight Bi Bismuth 0.1 Cu copper 0.4 (b) Tin alloys Metallic substances in which tin predominates by weight over each of the other elements, provided that : (i) the total content by weight of such other elements exceeds 1 %, or (ii) the content by weight of either bismuth or copper is equal to or greater than the limit (iii) specified in the foregoing table. GENERAL This Chapter covers tin and its alloys, and certain articles thereof. Commercial1 , tin is extracted from the oxide ore cassiterite (or tin-stone) classified in heading 26.05; this ore may occur either in veins or in alluvial depouts. The principal stages in the extraction are as follows : (I) Concentration of the ore by washing, or by crushing and flotation. (XI) Treatment of the oxide by roasting, magnetic separation, or with acids or other solvents, to remove impurities such as sulphur, arsenic, copper, lead, iron and tungsten. (111) Reduction of the purified oxide with coke to produce a crude tin. (N)Refining of the crude tin by various processes which can produce the metal in an almost completely pure condition. Tin is also recovered fiom scrap tinplate by chlorination or electrolytic treatment, or by re-melting tin waste and scrap. These recovery processes can also produce very pure tin. Pure tin is silvery-white and very shiny. It is not very ductile, but is malleable, easil melted and soft (although harder than lead). It can readily be cast, hammered, rolled or extrudedl Tin is very resistant to atmospheric corrosion but is attacked by concentrated acids. Tin is chiefly used for tinning other base metals especially iron or steel (e.g., manufacture of tin-plate, especial1 for the canning industry , and in the preparation of dlo s (bronze, etc.). In the ure state or a loyed, it is also used in t ie manufacture of apparatus, tu ing and pipin for the ood industries; still heads; refrigerating a paratus; industrial reservoirs, tanks, etc.; sol er in sticks, wire, etc.; ornamental articles and tab eware (e-g., in pewter); toys; organ pipes; etc. It is also used in the form of foil or collapsible tubes. F r P t d The principal allo s of tin which may be classified in this Chapter under the provisions of (see the General Explanatory Note to that Section) include : Note 5 to Section & (1) Tin-lead alloys used, for example, as tin base soft solders; in pewter-ware; in toy manufacture; for certain capacity measures. (2) Tin-antimony alloys, usually with copper (e.g., Britannia metal) used for tableware, manufacture of bearings, etc. (3) Tin-lead-antimon alloys, sometimes with copper (e-g., tin based anti-friction metals), used to make castings [especially bearings) and as packing. (4) Tin-cadmium alloys, sometimes also including zinc,used as anti-friction metals. This Chapter covers : (A) Unwrought tin and tin waste and scrap (headings 80.01 and 80.02). (B) Products obtained generally by rolling or extruding the unwrought tin of heading 80.01 (heading 80.03 and 80.07); tin powders and flakes (heading 80.07). (C) Tubes, pipes and fittings and the other articles of the residual heading 80.07 which covers all other tin articles other than those covered by Note 1 to Section XV or included in Chapter 82 or 83 or those more specifically covered elsewhere in the Nomenclature. Products and articles of tin may be subjected to various treatments to improve the properties or a pearance of the metal, etc. These treatments are general1 those referred to at the end of the Jeneral Explanatory Note to Chapter 72, and do not a k t e classification of the goods. X The classification of composite articles is explained in the General Explanatory Note to Section XV.