WCO Explanatory Notes reproduced for reference. © World Customs Organization. Verify against official WCO publication.
85.14 Industrial or laborato electric furnaces and ovens (including those functionin by induction or dielectric oss); other industrial or laboratory equipment for the eat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss. f 'S 8514.10 8514.20 85 14.30 8514.40 - Resistance heated furnaces and ovens - Furnaces and ovens fimctioning by induction or dielectric loss - Other furnaces and ovens - Other equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss 8514.90 - Parts This headin covers a number of industrial .or laboratory e electro-thermic machines, apparatus an appliances in which the heat is obtained electncal y (e.g., by the heating effect of a current in a conductor; from an electric arc). The heading includes furnaces and ovens functioning by induction or dielectric loss and other industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss (e.g., industrial microwave furnaces, ovens and equipment). The heading excludes electro-thermic appliances of a kind used for domestic purposes (heading 85.16). ? % (9INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY ELECTRIC FURNACES AND OVENS (INCLUDING THOSE F U N C T I O ~ G BY INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC LOSS) Electric furnaces and ovens consist essentially of a more or less closed space or vessel in which a relatively high temperature is obtained. They are used for many purposes (melting, annealin , tempering, enamelling, welding, heat treatment of welds, etc.). The principal es inclu e retort furnaces, bell-type furnaces, trough furnaces, crucible furnaces, tunnel aces, etc. Some of these furnaces may have special tilting attachments, or be provided with an inner vessel for the treatment of metals in a particular gas to prevent oxidation. f The k a c e s and ovens covered by this group include, inter alia : (A) Resistance heated furnaces and ovens in which the heat is produced by the passage of a current through heating resistors. These heating elements (resistors) transfer heat to the stock or charge by radiation and convection. (B) Resistance furnaces for heating bars of metal or ranular materials where the material to be heated serves as the resistor. These consist o a container in which current is passed through the material itself; the electrical resistance of the material produces the necessary heat. f (C) Li uid resistance furnaces consisting of baths furnished with electrodes. In o eration the ba contains molten metal, molten salts or s ecial oil, maintained at t e required temperature by the passage of electrici ,via the e ectrodes, through the liquid; the object is heated by being plunged m the bath of iquid. R P (D) Electrolytic furnaces for smelting or refining metals. These are also liquid resistance h c e s fitted with electrodes immersed in a molten bath electrol e. The bath contains the metal bearin constituent of the ore dissolved in a molten salt. lectrolytic dissociation which is cause by the passa e of electricity through the electrolyte via the electrodes results in pure molten metal co ecting at the cathode while a gas is gven off at the anode. d ! (E) Low fre uency induction furnaces. Low frequency AC in a primary coil is linked magneticl! ly by a soit iron core with the charge to be heated, and induces current in that char e thus causing it to be heated. In certain furnaces of this type, the molten charge circu ates fiom the rnain crucible through vertical looped piping in which the heating currents are induced from the primary circuit. (F) High frequency induction furnaces. An AC of high frequency (often of radio fie uency) in the primary coil induces eddy currents in the charge to be heated. This type offfunace has no uon core. (G) Dielectric capacitance furnaces and ovens. The charge, which must be electrically non-conducting, is placed between two metal lates connected to a source of AC. In effect the man ernent 0peri;rtes as a capacitor, and ielectric loss in the charge causes heat to be develope within it. 'This group includes industrial microwave ovens, in which dielectric roducts to be heated are subjected to the action of electromagnetic waves. By dielectric Toss, the energy from the waves is converted simultaneously into heat throughout the mass of the product, ensuring very uniform heating. These ovens are used for drymg, defrosting, moulding of plastics, firing ceramics, etc. % (H) Arc furnaces in which the heat is enerated by an electric arc, struck between electrodes or between an electrod!: and the c arge to be heated. These furnaces are used for the roduction of pig iron, various ferro-alloys, calcium carbide, for reducing iron ore, for the Exation of nitrogen from the air, etc. Certain low temperature arc furnaces are also used for distilling materials of' relatively low boiling oint e.g,, zinc or phosphorus); if, however, they are e ui ped with condensers to co lect & e I distillate, the whole is excluded (heading 8 .1 ). t 2f P (LT) Infra-red radiation ovens heated by a number of infra-red lamps or radiation plates. Certain furnaces or ovens use more than one method of induction or resistance for melting and heating metals, baking ovens; infia-red, ~esistanceand dielectric capacitance objects). The furnaces and ovens described in this heading include, inter alia : (I) Ovens for bread, pa2;try or biscuit making. (2) Dental ovens. (3) Crematorium furnaces. (4) Furnaces for incinerating waste. (5) Furnaces or ovens for annealing or tempering glass. This heading excludes electrically heated apparatus for drying, sterilising or similar operations (heading 84.19). (11) OTHER INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY EQUIPMENT FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT OF MATERIALS BY INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC LOSS The heading also includes electric induction or dielectric heating equipment (for example, microwave equipment), even if not in the form of a fhmce or oven. This equipment (used mainly for the heat treatment of small articles) consists essentially of electrical equipment for producing high-frequency oscillations, mounted together with the appropriate plates or coils, oAen of speclal design for the particular articles to be treated. These include, inter aIia : (I) Machines with induction coils for heating by induction objects made up of materials which are good conductors of electrici , by means of low, medium or high-fie uency power (e.g., machines used for superficia hardening of crankshafts, cylinders, cog w eels or other metal parts; machines for melting, sintering, annealing, tempering or preheating metal parts). (2) Machines with electrodes servin as a capacitor (e.g., in the form of plates, bars) for dielectric (capacitive) heating of o jects made up of materials which are non-conductors or bad conductors of electricity, by means of high frequency power (e.g., wood-drying machines; machines for preheating thermohardenable moulding materials in the form of pellets or powder, etc.). 'T \ Some special types of e uipment are designed for the progressive heat-treatment of a bar passed through the coil, or for t ie repetitive treatment of a series of articles. Rotary converters and high-frequency generators when presented together with heat-treatment equi ment are also classified in this heading. When presented separately, they fall in beachg 85.02 or 85.43, as the case may be. However, machines for induction treatment used for soldering or brazing metals and machines for hi fie uency heat-treatment by dielectric loss used for welding plastics or other materials (e 8%. gresses pressing machines for welding and high-frequency hne welding machines) fall in he;& Incorporating heating devices are also excluded (Chapter 84). This heading also covers furnaces and other appliances specially designed for the separation, by pyrometallurgical processes, of irradiated nuclear fuels, appliances for the treatment of radioactive waste (e.g., for the firing of clays or glass containing radioactive residues or for the combustion of graphite or radioactwe filters) or those for the sintering or heat-treatment of fissile material recovered for recycling. However, appliances for isotopic separation are classified in heading 84.01. PARTS classification of parts (see the General of this heading are also classified here domes, electrode holders and metal Sub'ect to the general provisions Exp anatory Note to Section XVI), (e.g., armatures, doors, inspection electrodes). * * * However, the heading also excludes : (a) Bricks, blocks and similar refractory or ceramic goods for the construction or lining of electric furnaces (Chapter 69). (b) Electric furnaces and ovens for manufacturing semiconductor wafers or flat panel displays (heading 84.86). (c) Electric heating resistors (heading 85.16 or 85.45, as the case may be). (d) Electrodes of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal (heading 85.45). -
Notes. 1.- This Chapter does not cover : (a) Millstones, grindstones or other articles of Chapter 68; (b) Machinery or appliances (for example, pumps) of ceramic material and ceramic parts of machinery or appliances of any material (Chapter 69); (c) Laboratory glassware (heading 70.17); machinery, appliances or other articles for technical uses or parts thereof, of glass (heading 70.19 or 70.20); (d) Articles of heading 73.21 or 73.22 or similar articles of other base metals (Chapters 74 to 76 or 78 to 81); (e) Vacuum cleaners of heading 85.08; (f) Electro-mechanical domestic appliances of heading 85.09; digital cameras of heading 85.25; (g) Radiators for the articles of Section XVII; or (h) Hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, not motorised (heading 96.03). 2.- Subject to the operation of Note 3 to Section XVI and subject to Note 11 to this Chapter, a machine or appliance which answers to a description in one or more of the headings 84.01 to 84.24, or heading 84.86 and at the same time to a description in one or more of the headings 84.25 to 84.80 is to be classified under the appropriate heading of the former group or under heading 84.86, as the case may be, and not the latter group. (A) Heading 84.19 does not, however, cover : (i) Germination plant, incubators or brooders (heading 84.36); (ii) Grain dampening machines (heading 84.37); (iii) Diffusing apparatus for sugar juice extraction (heading 84.38); (iv) Machinery for the heat-treatment of textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles (heading 84.51); or (v) Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment designed for a mechanical operation, in which a change of temperature, even if necessary, is subsidiary. (B) Heading 84.22 does not cover : (i) Sewing machines for closing bags or similar containers (heading 84.52); or (ii) Office machinery of heading 84.72. (C) Heading 84.24 does not cover : (i) Ink-jet printing machines (heading 84.43); or (ii) Water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56). 3.- A machine-tool for working any material which answers to a description in heading 84.56 and at the same time to a description in heading 84.57, 84.58, 84.59, 84.60, 84.61, 84.64 or 84.65 is to be classified in heading 84.56. 4.- Heading 84.57 applies only to machine-tools for working metal, other than lathes (including turning centres), which can carry out different types of machining operations either : (a) by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme (machining centres), (b) by the automatic use, simultaneously or sequentially, of different unit heads working on a fixed position workpiece (unit construction machines, single station), or (c) by the automatic transfer of the workpiece to different unit heads (multi-station transfer machines). 5.- For the purposes of heading 84.62, a “slitting line” for flat products is a processing line composed of an uncoiler, a coil flattener, a slitter and a recoiler. A “cut-to-length line” for flat products is a processing line composed of an uncoiler, a coil flattener, and a shear. 6.- (A) For the purposes of heading 84.71, the expression “automatic data processing machines” means machines capable of : (i) Storing the processing program or programs and at least the data immediately necessary for the execution of the program; (ii) Being freely programmed in accordance with the requirements of the user; (iii) Performing arithmetical computations specified by the user; and (iv) Executing, without human intervention, a processing program which requires them to modify their execution, by logical decision during the processing run. (B) Automatic data processing machines may be in the form of systems consisting of a variable number of separate units. (C) Subject to paragraphs (D) and (E) below, a unit is to be regarded as being part of an automatic data processing system if it meets all of the following conditions : (i) It is of a kind solely or principally used in an automatic data processing system; (ii) It is connectable to the central processing unit either directly or through one or more other units; and (iii) It is able to accept or deliver data in a form (codes or signals) which can be used by the system. Separately presented units of an automatic data processing machine are to be classified in heading 84.71. However, keyboards, X-Y co-ordinate input devices and disk storage units which satisfy the conditions of paragraphs (C) (ii) and (C) (iii) above, are in all cases to be classified as units of heading 84.71. (D) Heading 84.71 does not cover the following when presented separately, even if they meet all of the conditions set forth in Note 6 (C) above : (i) Printers, copying machines, facsimile machines, whether or not combined; (ii) Apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, including apparatus for communication in a wired or wireless network (such as a local or wide area network); (iii) Loudspeakers and microphones; (iv) Television cameras, digital cameras and video camera recorders; (v) Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus. (E) Machines incorporating or working in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine and performing a specific function other than data processing are to be classified in the headings appropriate to their respective functions or, failing that, in residual headings. 7.- Heading 84.82 applies, inter alia, to polished steel balls, the maximum and minimum diameters of which do not differ from the nominal diameter by more than 1 % or by more than 0.05 mm, whichever is less. Other steel balls are to be classified in heading 73.26. 8.- A machine which is used for more than one purpose is, for the purposes of classification, to be treated as if its principal purpose were its sole purpose. Subject to Note 2 to this Chapter and Note 3 to Section XVI, a machine the principal purpose of which is not described in any heading or for which no one purpose is the principal purpose is, unless the context otherwise requires, to be classified in heading 84.79. Heading 84.79 also covers machines for making rope or cable (for example, stranding, twisting or cabling machines) from metal wire, textile yarn or any other material or from a combination of such materials. 9.- For the purposes of heading 84.70, the term “pocket-size” applies only to machines the dimensions of which do not exceed 170 mm x 100 mm x 45 mm. 10.- For the purposes of heading 84.85, the expression “additive manufacturing” (also referred to as 3D printing) means the formation of physical objects, based on a digital model, by the successive addition and layering, and consolidation and solidification, of material (for example, metal, plastics or ceramics). Subject to Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machines answering to the description in heading 84.85 are to be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. 11.- (A) Notes 12 (a) and 12 (b) to Chapter 85 also apply with respect to the expressions “semiconductor devices” and “electronic integrated circuits”, respectively, as used in this Note and in heading 84.86. However, for the purposes of this Note and of heading 84.86, the expression “semiconductor devices” also covers photosensitive semiconductor devices and light-emitting diodes (LED). (B) For the purposes of this Note and of heading 84.86, the expression “manufacture of flat panel displays” covers the fabrication of substrates into a flat panel. It does not cover the manufacture of glass or the assembly of printed circuit boards or other electronic components onto the flat panel. The expression “flat panel display” does not cover cathode-ray tube technology. (C) Heading 84.86 also includes machines and apparatus solely or principally of a kind used for : (i) the manufacture or repair of masks and reticles; (ii) assembling semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits; (iii) lifting, handling, loading or unloading of boules, wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits and flat panel displays. (D) Subject to Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machines and apparatus answering to the description in heading 84.86 are to be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature. Subheading Notes. 1.- For the purposes of subheading 8465.20, the term “machining centres” applies only to machine-tools for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, hard plastics or similar hard materials, which can carry out different types of machining operations by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme. 2.- For the purposes of subheading 8471.49, the term “systems” means automatic data processing machines whose units satisfy the conditions laid down in Note 6 (C) to Chapter 84 and which comprise at least a central processing unit, one input unit (for example, a keyboard or a scanner), and one output unit (for example, a visual display unit or a printer). 3.- For the purposes of subheading 8481.20, the expression “valves for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions” means valves which are used specifically in the transmission of “fluid power” in a hydraulic or pneumatic system, where the energy source is supplied in the form of pressurised fluids (liquid or gas). These valves may be of any type (for example, pressure-reducing type, check type). Subheading 8481.20 takes precedence over all other subheadings of heading 84.81. 4.- Subheading 8482.40 applies only to bearings with cylindrical rollers of a uniform diameter not exceeding 5 mm and having a length which is at least three times the diameter. The ends of the rollers may be rounded.